Evolution of rattling particles in deviatoric shear deformation of granular material

Granular material such as clean sand in geotechnical engineering is characterized by structured internal deformation pattern and some interesting particle arrangement patterns. This study focuses on the evolution of fraction rattling particles deviator until critical state. Numerical simulations using discrete element method reveal presence (with zero or only one contact with neighbouring particles) even a very dense packing system. The results show that initial depends sample density size distribution. With increase strain, number volume fractions gradually approach steady state from either loose starting point. An effective void ratio, which calculated treating voids, can be viewed new parameter describing sands. Besides, behaviour strongly